Rooftop Societies: The Middle East Paradox

A "rooftop society" is based on socio-cultural and political
contradictions, the historical rivalry and antagonism between
existing components of society. Apart from antagonism
between citizens and the state, political power struggles,
the rivalry between modernism and traditional forces; the
presence of redundant parallel institutions and political
power organizations are important characteristics that
must be recognized. This book delves into greater detail in
assessing the roots and characteristics of Middle Eastern
countries, which are called "rooftop societies". Here people,
throughout history have been forced to live a paradoxical
life, where their true identities remain hidden, out of fear,
and they struggle to resist repressive regimes, injustice,
exclusion, and human rights abuses.